Jurnal Perkeretaapian Indonesia (Indonesian Railway Journal)
Jurnal Perkeretaapian Indonesia (Indonesian Railway Journal), e-ISSN 2656-8780 p-ISSN 2550-1127, is a research journal on railway engineering and technology that publishes articles in the field of mechanical railway engineering, electrical railway engineering, buildings and railway lines engineering and railway transportation management. it is a journal for academicians, professionals and student who want to publish and discuss their research. Author should prepare their manuscript in accordance with the instructions given in Author Guidelines before doing online submission. All submissions will be reviewed and evaluated based on originality, technical research, and relevance to journal contributions. Indonesian Railway Journal is published by Politeknik Perkeretaapian Indonesia Madiun (PPI Madiun) on April and Oktober. sakutoto sakutoto
Politeknik Perkeretaapian Indonesia Madiun
The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, the copyright of the article shall be assigned to Jurnal Perkeretaapian Indonesia (Indonesian Railway Journal).
Analisis Karakteristik Sifat Mekanik dan Struktur Mikro Aluminium 6061 dengan Variasi Temperatur Reforming pada Sidewall Prototype KCMP
Aluminium 6061 banyak digunakan dalam industri perkeretaapian karena sifatnya yang ringan, tahan korosi, dan memiliki kemampuan bentuk yang baik. Namun, proses pengelasan sering menimbulkan distorsi yang berdampak pada penurunan performa mekanik. Riset ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh variasi temperatur reforming terhadap sifat mekanik dan mikrostruktur Aluminium 6061 yang diaplikasikan pada sidewall prototype Kereta Cepat Merah Putih (KCMP). Metode eksperimental dilakukan melalui uji tarik, uji tekuk, uji kekerasan Vickers, serta pengamatan mikrostruktur pada material Aluminium 6061 dengan ketebalan 8 mm yang mengalami perlakuan reforming pada rentang temperatur 125–150 °C, 175–200 °C, dan 225–250 °C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan temperatur reforming menyebabkan penurunan yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, tegangan tekuk, dan kekerasan, namun meningkatkan elongasi sehingga memperbaiki daktilitas material. Analisis mikrostruktur mengonfirmasi berkurangnya presipitat Mg₂Si pada temperatur tinggi yang berdampak pada penurunan kekerasan. Kinerja paling optimal diperoleh pada perlakuan temperatur 175–200 °C. Temuan ini membuktikan bahwa temperatur reforming berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perilaku mekanik dan karakteristik mikrostruktur Aluminium 6061 pada penggunaan sidewall KCMP.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Perkeretaapian Indonesia (Indonesian Railway Journal) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Track Geometry Evaluation Based on Level of Safety: A Case Study of Curve No. 5 at Km 2+340 to Km 2+494 Between Padang Station and Pulau Aie Station
This study is motivated by the importance of track geometry conditions in ensuring the safety and smooth operation of railway systems, particularly in curved segments that are highly prone to deviations. The objective of this research is to evaluate the safety level of track geometry at Curve No. 5, Km 2+340 to Km 2+494, located between Padang Station and Pulau Air Station, and to formulate maintenance recommendations based on the Level of Safety (LOS) in accordance with the technical guidelines of the Directorate General of Railways. The research methodology includes field observations, measurement of geometric parameters, analysis of compliance with technical standards, and classification of safety levels. The evaluation is conducted at the existing operating speed of 20 km/h and the planned speed of 40 km/h in accordance with the 2025 Train Travel Diagram (Gapeka 2025). The results indicate that the track remains suitable for operation at LOS 1–2 with the need for preventive maintenance. However, at the planned speed, the safety level increases to LOS 3–4 due to the highest deviation found in rail cant. Overall, the track is safe for operation, and speed increases should only be implemented after compliance with the required standards is achieved.
The Scheduling Based Regenerative Braking Energy Optimization for Performance Efficiency of Tangerang-Duri Corridor Electric Rail Train with Genetic Algorithm Method
The transportation paradigm shift towards electric vehicles is an important step in achieving carbon neutrality and limiting global temperature rise to below 1.5°C by 2050, as reported by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2021. Urban electric trains are one of the main solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. KRL, which is known to be energy efficient, still has a large electricity consumption when accumulated in one year. One corridor that has received attention is the Tangerang-Duri corridor with annual traction energy consumption reaching 7,199,044 kWh or around Rp 3,477,138,224 per year. This study aims to optimize KRL operational scheduling in the Tangerang-Duri corridor to maximize the utilization of regenerative braking energy using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization method. The results showed that the regenerative braking utilization modeling was successful with a relatively small difference of 2.88% compared to the actual data. The optimization results show that Scenario 2 is the best and most relevant Scenario for the current application with a reduction in traction energy of 6.25% or 1391.36 kWh/day or an increase in regenerative braking energy utilization to 14.89%.
Reactivation Planning of Bondowoso - Prajekan Railway Line (KM 241+826 - KM 263+976)
Railway reactivation is the reactivation of railway lines that are dead or have not been used for a long time to operate. Based on the 2030 National Railway Master Plan (RIPNAS). The purpose of this planning is to find out how the condition of the existing railway line that has not been operating since 2004, and re-plan the Bondowoso - Prajekan linta railway line In this reactivation planning using road class 1. This railroad planning changes the curvilinear radius according to the road class, which is> 780m. After analyzing the trajectory and calculating the next alignment designing the path using civil 3d software and infraworks The result of this study is that the trajectory used for reactivation planning is the existing trajectory with length 22+100. The survey results prove that the condition of the Bondowoso Station - Prajekan Station railway line has changed a lot into rice fields and residential areas, and the meterial conditions are not suitable for use. There are 13 Horizontal Curves and 11 Gradients for vertical curves.
Modeling Railway Level Crossing Accidents Using Zero-Inflated Poisson and Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial Approaches
Railway level crossing accidents constitute a complex transportation safety issue influenced by various geometric, operational, human, and infrastructure-related factors. Accident data at each crossing are generally in the form of count data dominated by zero values, making them difficult to model optimally using conventional Poisson or Negative Binomial regression models. This study aims to model the number of accidents at railway level crossings in the DAOP 7 region using the Zero-Inflated Poisson (ZIP) and Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) approaches. The predictor variables include train frequency, road width, road–rail intersection gradients on both the right and left sides, type of crossing, presence of an Early Warning System (EWS), road status, and type of crossing gate. The analysis was conducted using SPSS and Stata software, involving stages of zero proportion examination, estimation of ZIP and ZINB regression models, and selection of the best model based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and log-likelihood values. The results indicate that the ZINB regression model provides a better fit compared to the ZIP model. Factors that significantly influence the number of accidents at railway level crossings in the DAOP 7 region include train frequency, right-side gradient, left-side gradient, type of crossing, presence of an Early Warning System, and type of crossing gate.
Analysis of Quenching Media Variation on the Mechanical Properties and Intergranular Corrosion Formation of Stainless Steel 201 in the Middle Part of the Underframe of Train 612
Quenching is a rapid post-weld cooling method intended to improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of materials. In the fabrication of the 612 railcar underframe at PT Industri Kereta Api (INKA), the 201 stainless steel material indicated the occurrence of intergranular corrosion after the Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. This study applied three quenching media variations—non-quenching, compressed-air quenching, and water quenching—to analyze their effects on tensile strength, fatigue resistance, hardness, corrosion resistance, and macro- and microstructures. The results show that compressed-air quenching produced the highest Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS), reaching 653.67 MPa with 35.90% elongation, while the non-quenching condition exhibited the highest yield strength (YS) of 425.90 MPa. The highest hardness value, 228.4 HV, was obtained in the HAZL zone under compressed-air quenching. In the fatigue test, all variations withstood up to 1,000,000 cycles at a maximum stress range of 0.024–0.081 GPa; however, the non-quenching condition demonstrated a longer fatigue life at high stress levels. The corrosion test results indicate that water quenching produced the lowest corrosion rate at 0.001 mm/month (0.008 mm/year), followed by compressed-air quenching at 0.012 mm/year and non-quenching at 0.020 mm/year. Based on the microstructural examination, water quenching exhibited the least intergranular corrosion due to reduced chromium-carbide precipitation. This research contributes to the optimization of post-weld cooling treatments to prevent intergranular corrosion in railcar underframes, thereby enhancing operational reliability and safety.
Stainless steel 201, quenching medium, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, intergranular corrosion.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Perkeretaapian Indonesia (Indonesian Railway Journal) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Influence of the Seat Numbering System on Passenger Satisfaction and Ease of Use on the Sukabumi–Cianjur Train Route Using the TAM Model
The seat numbering system enhances comfort, orderliness, and safety; however, on the Sukabumi–Cianjur route, it still faces challenges in supervision and compliance. Conversely, the non-numbered system provides flexibility but often leads to crowding and discomfort. This study employs the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to examine the extent of user acceptance toward both ticketing systems. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to passengers aged 18–22 years. The results indicate that the seat numbering system is more widely accepted as it improves orderliness and comfort, although further improvements in supervision and public awareness are needed. The findings show that the variables of Comfort, Orderliness, and Ease of Use significantly influence Passenger Satisfaction, while Safety has no direct effect. Among these factors, Ease of Use has the strongest influence on Satisfaction, meaning that the easier the system is to use, the higher the level of passenger satisfaction.
Effect of Preheating Temperature Variation in GMAW Welding on the Mechanical and Metallographic Properties of S355J2 Steel in Container Flat Top Wagon 50 Feet
This research was motivated by observations of the production process of 50-foot Container Flat Top Wagons at PT INKA (Persero) prior to GMAW welding of the material, where preheating was identified as a problem. The research problem is that the uncertain preheating temperature parameters cause distortion in the material, thereby affecting its mechanical properties. The solution to this problem involves conducting research to determine the most suitable preheating temperature parameters for the Process Instruction (PI). This study aims to analyze and determine the appropriate preheating temperature for the production of 50-foot Container Flat Top Wagons at PT INKA (Persero). The research method used is a quantitative experimental method, with the research object being S355J2 steel material subjected to preheating at varying temperatures of 200-225°C, 300-325°C, and non-preheating, followed by GMAW welding. The research results indicate that preheating at 300-325°C yields the highest tensile strength and hardness values. The conclusion of this study is that increasing the preheating temperature results in increased tensile strength and hardness, as the percentage of pearlite phase increases.
Pneumatic System Reliability Enhancement Through Condensation Control in Railway Maintenance Equipment
Pneumatic systems are essential components in the operation of railway maintenance machinery, particularly in braking and stabilization functions. The tropical climate of Indonesia, characterized by high humidity, significantly increases the occurrence of condensation in compressed-air systems, resulting in corrosion, reduced component performance, and a heightened risk of failure. This study examines the failure mechanisms of pneumatic components in a Geismar excavator operated by the Railway Maintenance Depot in Ngrombo. The analysis employs Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Risk Priority Number (RPN) assessment, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and a SWOT-based evaluation to identify the most effective mitigation strategies. The findings show that condensation is the dominant failure cause, with the highest RPN recorded in the Pneumatic–Hydraulic Converter (RPN = 378). TOPSIS results indicate that increasing maintenance frequency is the most effective mitigation option (score 0.7022), followed by the installation of an air dryer. Implementing these recommendations is projected to reduce failure probability by up to 68% and improve overall pneumatic system reliability from 72% to 94%. These findings provide a technical foundation for developing reliability-centered maintenance strategies for railway maintenance equipment operating in humid tropical environments.
Reliability Improvement Of Overhead Catenary System For Electric Train: A Review
The overhead catenary system (OCS) is a critical component of electric trains that requires a reliable and safe operation. To improve the reliability of OCS, several methods and techniques can be used, including reliability analysis, design and construction improvement, modernization and digitization of monitoring, inspection, and maintenance, and optimization and implementation of maintenance methods and strategies. Reliability analysis can help identify failure causes and minimize failure risks. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), Event Tree Analysis (ETA), and Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) are some of the tools that can be used for reliability analysis on OCS. Design and construction improvements can be made by using high-quality materials and components. Applying superconducting cable on the feeder wire system and adding dampers on the steady arm to reduce mechanical wave amplitude can improve the regeneration rate, reduce the capacity of the required substation, and increase redundancy, thereby increasing reliability. Using 3D printing technology can improve consistency and accuracy in the production of OCS components, resulting in higher-quality products. Modernization and digitization of monitoring, inspection, and maintenance can be done using robots and cameras, improving safety, efficiency, and accuracy. Robots can be used for maintenance, while cameras can be used for monitoring and inspection. Predictive maintenance strategies can be used to anticipate maintenance needs and perform maintenance proactively, while maintenance optimization methods can improve maintenance efficiency and reduce costs. Implementing reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) and preventive opportunistic maintenance methods can enhance maintenance procedures, reduce maintenance schedules, and save costs. A proactive approach to maintenance is recommended to improve reliability and safety.
Study of Operating Pattern of Commuter Line Sindro and Commuter Line Arjonegoro Based on Passenger Demand and Preference
Commuter Line (CL) Sindro and CL Arjonegoro are commuter trains operating in the Surabaya area, with CL Sindro running from Sidoarjo Station to Indro Station, and CL Arjonegoro from Sidoarjo Station to Bojonegoro Station. Both lines overlap at eight stopping stations, causing negative impacts on passengers and train operations, including suboptimal occupancy rates for their 18 daily trips. This study aims to analyze the demand (load factor) and passenger preferences for the current operation patterns of CL Sindro and CL Arjonegoro, develop a new schedule aligned with the proposed operational changes, and create a revised GAPEKA schedule. The research utilizes secondary data from GAPEKA 2023 and passenger numbers for CL Sindro and CL Arjonegoro from June 2023 to April 2024, along with primary data on passenger preferences regarding departure times and desired routes. The analysis involves calculating travel needs, travel time for each segment, creating a timetable, and proposing a new GAPEKA schedule. The findings show an average load factor of 23% for CL Sindro and 45% for CL Arjonegoro. Most passengers prefer operations that reach Surabaya before 8:00 AM, with a route from Sidoarjo to Indro to Bojonegoro. Based on current demand, the required number of trips is eight per day on both weekdays and weekends, which is used to draft the new schedule and GAPEKA.
Effect of Reforming Temperature on Mechanical and Metallographic Properties of Aluminum 6061 Materials on Train Sidewalls
The results of observations on the Makasar Pare-Pare train sidewall frame assembly process at PT INKA (Persero) welding process that produces residual stresses resulting in geometry changes, so that the reforming process is carried out. The reforming method is a method to restore geometry due to residual stresses generated by post-welding using a welding torch tool with a certain heat temperature. This research aims to analyze the value of tensile strength, macro structure, and micro structure after heat input variations. The parameters in this study use temperature variations of 100-150 ° C, 150-200 ° C, and 200-250 ° with aluminum 6061 material. This research produces data from the value of the tensile test, macro examination, and micro examination. Based on the research that has been done, the greater the reforming temperature, the tensile strength value decreases due to the prespitat which becomes larger and coarser due to over-aged
Optimization of Alternative Design of Mask of Car of High Speed ​​Train Against Aerodynamics of Speed ​​Variation with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulation
Drag coefficient reduction is a way to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed trains. The challenge in this research is the lack of studies on the aerodynamic analysis of the mask of car on fast trains, which is relevant to the development of the National Railway Master Plan (RIPNAS) which states that fast trains will be verified in 2025. This research aims to simulate the aerodynamics of high-speed trains with speeds of 100 km/h, 200 km/h, 300 km/h, and a rail width of 1435 mm. This research analyzes several mask of car designs, including mask of car 1 as an alternative to the Intercity Express (ICE) 3 high-speed train, mask of car 2 as an alternative to the Automotrice Grande Vitesse (AGV) Italo high-speed train, mask of car 3 as an alternative to the Pamela Jones high-speed train, and mask of car 4 as an alternative to the Jakarta Bandung High Speed Train (KCJB). The method used in this research is an experimental quantitative method with aerodynamic analysis using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) through Ansys Workbench 2023 software. The results show that the mask of car 3 design has the lowest drag coefficient.
Exploration of User Behavior in Ordering Local Train Tickets for Greater Bandung via the Access by KAI Application: Application of a Modified UTAUT Model
This study explores the user behavior of the Access by KAI application developed by PT KAI to facilitate train ticket bookings, with a focus on the local Bandung Raya route. The novelty of this study lies in the use of Structural Equation Modeling - Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS), incorporating a modification of the UTAUT model, to identify factors influencing the intention and behavior of using the application within the context of public transportation services in Indonesia. The study employs a quantitative approach, with primary data collected through a questionnaire involving 145 respondents selected through accidental sampling. The results of the analysis show that Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, User Experience, and Minimalist Aesthetic Design have a significant positive effect on Behavioral Intention, which in turn affects Application Usage Behavior. However, Facilitating Conditions do not have a significant effect on user behavior, highlighting the dominance of personal factors and user perceptions. This study contributes to the literature by emphasizing the importance of improving user experience and creating a more intuitive application design as strategies to increase user loyalty to Access by KAI. PT KAI is advised to focus on enhancing the interface, adding relevant features, improving the speed and stability of the application, and regularly collecting user feedback to ensure that the application continues to meet user needs.
Comparative Test of Lora 433 MHz and 915 MHz as Media for Sending Monitoring Data of the ZP Box
In this study, Long Range (Lora) 433 MHz and 915 MHz were applied as data transmission media on the ZP box monitoring tool. The ZP box is one of the axle counter equipment located outdoors and a protector of the VUR module from the effects of weather. The comparative test of the performance of Lora 433 MHz and 915 MHz as data transmission media was carried out by considering the parameters of distance, RSSI, packet loss, and delay. The distance test shows that the relationship between the distance of the transmitter and receiver with the RSSI value is inversely proportional. In the RSSI test, Lora 433 MHz has better RSSI performance compared to Lora 915 MHz at distance variations of 158 m, 284 m, 483 m, and 842 m. In the packet loss test, Lora 915 MHz has better performance than Lora 433 Mhz at distance variations of 284 m, 483 m, and 842 m. In terms of data transmission delay, LoRa 915 MHz sends data faster than LoRa 433 MHz with a speed difference of 8%.
Battery Management System (BMS) Considering State of Charge (SOC) With Integration of Open Circuit Voltage and Coulomb Counting Methods Ups Sinyal Telecommunication Equipment Room (STER)
Voltage, current and temperature parameters on the UPS have not been monitored in real-time. So, SOC of the battery cannot be known directly. By knowing this data, energy management from the battery can be carried out. Then, the battery can function optimally with the maximum battery operating time range specifications. Through continuous real-time monitoring, the quality of the battery is always maintained. Batteries are the main energy source in relays in signal and telecommunication systems. So, a study needs to be carried out to maximize the service life of the battery. This research uses algorithm integration of Coulomb counting (CC) with estimates of Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) to calculate SOC for battery energy management system. From the experiments carried out, namely battery charging and discharging, as well as algorithm integration CC and OCV You will know the voltage, current, and charging and discharging times of the battery. From these experiments, the proposed algorithm can improve the accuracy of SOC estimation. BMS is done with cut off battery discharge according to the minimum battery voltage limit. Based on method Coulomb Counting, the change in the value of the current coming out of the battery during the discharge process is the most important parameter in estimating SOC. The current that comes out when the battery is 100% to 40% looks quite stable with a slight decrease. However, after the SOC reaches 40%, the current drops significantly. In condition charging, the size of the battery SOC is measured linearly with changes in time. The battery SOC experiences changes in value when charging from 0 to 100% linearly with time charging. When the charging conditions are high, the measured charging current value is consistently proportional to the rate of SOC addition. The SOC capacity of the battery is also directly proportional to the rated voltage value of the battery. When the SOC is 100% the battery reaches the maximum voltage 27.01 Volt immediately after charging and reaches a nominal voltage of 24.0 Volt, the rated voltage 2 (two) hours after charging.
Evaluation of Urban Railway Performance in Surabaya and Surrounding Areas on the Sidoarjo - Pasarturi - Bojonegoro Service Line
This study addresses the issue of increasing private vehicle use in Surabaya and operational inefficiency among three overlapping Commuter Lines (CL): CL Supas, CL Arjonegoro, and CL Blorasura. Despite rising travel demand, problems arise from low trip frequency and uneven load factors. The research aims to analyze passenger characteristics, load factors, and propose a more efficient operational pattern. The data includes passenger volumes from January to July 2024 and primary survey data on passenger characteristics. The results show that most passengers are of working age, with work-related trips on weekdays and shopping or leisure trips on weekends. CL Blorasura has the highest load factor due to its limited trip frequency. The study recommends increasing trip frequency, extending CL Supas routes to Surabaya Pasarturi, and replacing train units to improve operational efficiency.
Deliberating the Significance of Heavy Spots on Rail Wheels: Optimizing Balancing and Extending Operational Life
The paper is aimed at optimizing the rail wheel balancing and extending operational life of rail wheel through production process controls. The work is novel and original as no previous studies have intensively focused on this aspect of rail wheel. Using NX and MATLAB software for model generation, this paper visualizes key scenarios where imbalances occur and evaluates their implications. The main finding of this study is that due to eccentricity during the fixing of the rail wheel on the boring machine the imbalance is introduced. This study investigates the influence of light and heavy spots on rail wheels, quantifies the need for external counter balancing mass under various scenarios, and explores strategies to mitigate the resultant unbalances and improvement of overall operational life of wheel. The concept for putting the contents presented in this paper in the practice may seem to be critical at the first glance, yet when considered juristically, it implementable. The application of the presented concept, theory and process control is expected to contribute to the increased rail wheel life, improved life of associated parts like bearings and springs, and overall improvement of passenger comfort.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING FACE RECOGNITION USER SATISFACTION AT SURABAYA GUBENG STATION
PT KAI has innovated the boarding process by implementing a self-service Face Recognition (FR) facility, which has been used at Surabaya Gubeng Station since March 2023. This study aims to analyze passengers' perceptions of satisfaction with the use of FR at Surabaya Gubeng Station. The research method used is End User Computing Satisfaction (EUCS) with five variables: content, accuracy, format, ease of use, and timeliness to measure users' perceptions of FR at Surabaya Gubeng Station. The data was processed using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) method, assisted by the SmartPLS version 4.1.2 application. SEM involves three tests: measurement model analysis (convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability tests), structural model analysis (multicollinearity and hypothesis tests), and model goodness and fit analysis (coefficient of determination and model fit test). Convergent and discriminant validity tests, as well as reliability tests, showed that all indicators in each variable are valid and reliable. The multicollinearity test also indicated no collinearity. However, in the hypothesis test, the variables content and ease of use did not affect the satisfaction of FR users at Surabaya Gubeng Station. On the other hand, the variables accuracy, format, and timeliness did affect user satisfaction. The study concluded that 69.7% of FR users are satisfied with the use of FR at Surabaya Gubeng Station.
Penggunaan Internet of Things Untuk Mendeteksi Tingkat Kebisingan Pengeras Suara di Peron Stasiun MRT Jakarta
One of the information facilities for passengers at the MRT Jakarta platform for both up track and down track is a loudspeaker system, which is considered a vital information facility at the station. The RSISM team from MRT Jakarta is currently maintaining the noise level of the loudspeakers using a sound level meter, which is a manual process as the measurements are taken one by one. The use of IoT technology is necessary to design a device that measures the noise levels of the loudspeakers. The hardware used in this research includes a MAX9814 sensor, ADC module, OLED, ON/OFF switch, DC charge jack, battery, buzzer, 5V step-down, and ESP32. The software comprises Arduino IDE, Blynk, and Google Sheets. Based on the validation tests using the MAX9814 sensor to measure the noise levels compared to the sound level meter, with a JBL speaker as the sound source and varying volume levels, the following results were obtained: at a distance of 10 cm, the average percentage error was 2.5% and the accuracy percentage was 97.5%; at a distance of 20 cm, the average percentage error was 2.7% and the accuracy percentage was 97.3%; and at a distance of 30 cm, the average percentage error was 2.6% and the accuracy percentage was 97.4%. The application of IoT technology yielded results for monitoring using Blynk, where the data transmission delay from the OLED display to the Blynk application averaged 829.28 ms, which is considered poor. Additionally, the data logger using Google Sheets provided real-time information display, including date, time, and sound level (dB).
Blynk, ESP32, Google Sheets, MAX9814, Speaker, Noise
Analysis of Clamping Force of Railway Track Fastening Systems Using Experimental Methods
This study aims to design a tool for testing the clamping force of railroad fasteners. This tool is used for checking and testing the clamping force of e-clip rail fastening. Inspection of the fastening system is carried out visually and by using a tool, namely a clamping force meter. Under the requirements stated in PM 60 of 2012, the fastening clamp strength is 900 – 1100 kgf. The results of the design obtained a test tool that is strong, sturdy and functional in measuring fastening clamp strength. The e-clip used as a sample is the rail fastening on the PPI Madiun railway line. The sample used was 20 e-clip fasteners and the average value of fastening clamp strength was 1,627 kgf. Statistical tests carried out include data adequacy tests, data normality tests, and data uniformity tests showing appropriate results. Keywords: Fastening Systems, Clamping Force
Keywords: Fastening Systems, Clamping Force
Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Perkeretaapian Indonesia (Indonesian Railway Journal) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The energy efficiency in urban electric railways
The world is moving towards zero CO2 production and limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5°C by 2050 by reducing the use of fossil fuels as an unsustainable energy source. As a transition from this reduction, electric energy has become the primary energy source in the industrial, transportation, construction, and other sectors. In the transportation sector, urban electric trains have become a preferred mode of transportation by people worldwide due to their high safety and service levels compared to other land transportation. However, electric trains require a significant amount of energy to operate, so efforts are needed to optimize total electricity usage. This paper provides a literature study related to electric energy efficiency in the field of urban electric trains, using train control methods and the utilization of regenerative braking systems as the most efficient energy recovery strategy.
Overview of energy efficiency in urban electric railways
Artificial Intelligence in Regenerative Braking for Trains: A Systematic Review
The impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on different sectors, including railways, is now widely recognized. This paper shares the findings of a comprehensive literature review on how AI affects regenerative braking in railway transportation. The review focuses on various areas of regenerative braking, such as energy storage system, timetabling, and reversible substation. In the literature review, it was found that 57 scientific papers were published from 2017 to December 2022. The majority of these papers, specifically 70.2%, utilized AI to optimize the effectiveness of regenerative braking. However, the use of AI in reversible substation and a combination of methods for regenerative braking is still limited, even though several methods exist. With the continuous development of new AI innovations, it is anticipated that new strategies will be created to enhance energy efficiency in regenerative braking, particularly in rail transportation. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Regenerative Braking, Railway.
Evaluation of Level Crossings (Case Study: Greater Bandung)
Level crossings between highways and railway tracks are often found in Indonesia, one of which is in the Greater Bandung area. Level crossings not only have the potential to cause traffic accidents between trains and vehicles but also single accidents, especially for motorcyclists, due to elevation differences between road and rail surfaces that do not comply with standards. For this reason, this research evaluates the condition of level crossings and provides suggestions for improvements related to technical aspects, regulations and provides suggestions for the use of technology. Literature studies were carried out to collect relevant references according to the topic of discussion. They were supplemented with field observations which were then analyzed qualitatively to compare existing conditions and ideal conditions. From a technical aspect, poor pavement conditions cause elevation differences between the train tracks and the road surface, potentially causing accidents. This is exacerbated by the horizontal alignment conditions at several crossings which have angles of less than 90°. From a regulatory aspect, road and rail pavement components are under the authority of different parties. This indicates the result of inefficient operation and maintenance of level crossings. Thus, several types of technology are proposed to improve the quality of level crossings, including: Rubber Crossing Panels, Prefabricated Modular Crossings, Continuous Welded Rail and Fiberglass Reinforced Polymer. It is hoped that this research can provide input to stakeholders, including researchers, to further analyze improving the quality of level crossings, especially in the context of operations and maintenance.
A Review of Wheel Wear Damage in Railway Vehicle
Damage due to wheel wear on railway trains has a significant impact on railway safety and comfort. This review examines various aspects related to wheel wear damage on trains. The primary focus of this review encompasses three critical areas: railway track, wheel-rail interaction, and the trains themselves. The first section discusses the structure and modeling of railway tracks, while the second section explores various types of interactions between wheels and rails as well as related mathematical models. The third section reviews the types of railway vehicles, their mathematical models, and their stability on straight and curved tracks. Furthermore, this review also examines the influence of wheel wear on the dynamic response of the system. It is hoped that this review will provide valuable insights for practitioners and researchers in improving and enhancing the reliability and safety of railway systems.
A Review on Automatic Visual Inspection for Railway Overhead Contact Line Systems
Inspections of overhead catenary systems include checks on the geometry of contact wire, the interaction between contact wire and pantograph, defects in components, worn components, and clearance are necessary to ensure the reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety of railways infrastructure and operation. An automatic visual inspection technology of overhead catenary systems can improve conventional inspection methods' efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and precision. This paper provides an overview and contributions of the research made by scholars in this field, as well as the application and advancement of automated visual inspection technology for railway overhead catenary systems. The projection of the future research direction for automatic inspection in overhead catenary system inspection activities was also provided.
Evaluation of ultrasonic non-destructive inspection methods for structural integrity assessment of freight train axles
Structural integrity assessment aims to ensure compliance with specified safety, strength, and performance standards. It operates on the principle of damage tolerance, ensuring that failure is avoided as long as the structure remains within its load-bearing capacity, despite the presence of defects or cracks, according to fracture mechanics criteria. By combining the probability of detection from the NDI procedure, the damage tolerance concept ensures the safety of the axle during operation. This study examines the sensitivity of the NDI method in detecting damage and compares its results with the structural integrity assessment criteria outlined in BS 7910. To obtain accurate analysis results, this study utilized numerical simulations with the finite element method using ANSYS software. The results indicated that the critical defect size is 80 mm according to the criteria specified in BS7910. In addition, the sensitivity analysis of NDI showed that NDI can detect the smallest defect size of 4 mm, albeit with a very low indication pulse, and can detect defects with a sufficiently good detection pulse at a defect size of 10 mm.
Risk Analysis of Railway Infrastructure Asset using Hazard Identification and FMEA Analysis on Track Asset
Railway transportation in Indonesia is the primary choice due to its large capacity and high safety standards. However, maintaining the reliability of the infrastructure system requires careful safety-focused maintenance and risk management. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the risks associated with railway infrastructure, focusing on hazard identification and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) on railway tracks. Through the collection of primary data via questionnaires, interviews, discussions, and secondary data from literature studies, the analysis revealed 28 significant hazards related to railway infrastructure. It was found that eleven failure modes had RPN values at the high-risk level and nine at the moderate-risk level, while only eight failure modes at the low-risk level. The best four failure modes with the highest risk were broken rail, skilu, buckling rail on railway geometry and cracked/defective rail. Recommendations for improvement were provided to reduce the RPN values from high and moderate-risk levels to moderate and low-risk levels and enhance railway safety. This analysis provides a solid foundation for developing more effective risk management strategies in the future, contributing to the understanding and improvement of railway infrastructure safety and facilitating effective maintenance strategies for sustainable railway operations.
Competitive Strategy for Providing Canal Transport from the Jakarta-Bandung high speed train to Increase User Interest
The Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway is a transport that provides a fairly short travel time with a capacity (occupancy) of up to 740 people per train. The Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway, which was inaugurated in October 2023, has served 1,028,216 passengers until 25 December 2023. The highest number of passengers served in one day on the Jakarta-Bandung high speed train journey reached up to 21,500 passengers per day. Based on observations, there are several shortcomings of the Fast Train, namely 1) relatively expensive ticket costs, 2) further transportation that has not been well integrated, 3) large land requirements. The research uses descriptive qualitative methods, using literature studies related to the availability of advanced transport services from the Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Train, and data analysis techniques used SWOT analysis in determining strategies. The purpose of the study was to analyse the strategy of providing advanced transport services for the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed train. The strategies used are 1) Develop Transit Oriented Development in the area passed by the fast train, 2) Adding a series of fast train stamformations, 3) Opening employment opportunities with the domestic railway component industry, 4) making a skybridge as a tenat place as a tourist spot in the Jakarta-Bandung area, 5) Offering special tariffs for certain groups, such as students, students, and employees, 6) Providing feeder transportation with the right number of passengers. 7) Increase the number of facilities and transport capacity of the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed train, 8) Establish policies that favour rail-based transportation, 9) Provide subsidies to the public, especially during peak hours, 10) Increase the affordability of continued transportation of the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed train, both in terms of price and location, 11) Provide sufficient land according to the Government's budget capacity, 12) Promote the efficiency of using high-speed trains.
Analysis of the Effect of Cooling Media Variations in the Heat Treatment Process on Microstructural Phase Characteristics and Hardness Values ​​of Railway Track Eutectoid Steel
Railway tracks have a very hard surface. One way to increase hardness is by heat treatment. Heat treatment is the process of applying heat to a metal material and cooling it with a certain cooling medium with the aim of obtaining mechanical properties according to field needs. This research aims to determine the effect of variations in cooling media in the heat treatment process on the microstructural phase characteristics and hardness values of eutectoid steel materials. The research process was carried out by cutting a sample of eutectoid steel (C=0.920) into 5 specimens, then carrying out a heat treatment process at a temperature of 900℃, then holding it for 30 minutes, then cooling it with various cooling media, namely: air, leaving it in the oven, water, used oil. One of the specimens not subjected to heat treatment will be used as a comparison. The results of observations of the microstructure of eutectoid steel without treatment contain 36% ferrite and 63% pearlite. The resulting microstructure which has the hardest properties in the oil cooling media is the overall martensite microstructure. The results of hardness testing of material that was not heat treated was 333.09 HVN. The heat treated material that has the hardest properties is water cooling media with a Vickers hardness value of 881.09 HVN. This test material can meet hardness standards for railroad applications.
Keywords: Automatic Surface Treatment, Distance, Hardness, Rail Life.